chore: bumps dependencies

* fix: popArgument drops duplicate arguments breaking --parallel multi-exclude-group

Fixes #1437

* fix: ensure popArgument handles duplicate arguments

* fix: update expected test results and snapshots after rebase

---------

Signed-off-by: nuno maduro <enunomaduro@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: nuno maduro <enunomaduro@gmail.com>

.github/workflows/static.yml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ name: Static Analysis
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [4.x]
+    branches: [5.x]
   pull_request:
   schedule:
     - cron: '0 9 * * *'
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Setup PHP
       uses: shivammathur/setup-php@f3e473d116dcccaddc5834248c87452386958240 # v2
       with:
-        php-version: 8.3
+        php-version: 8.4
         tools: composer:v2
         coverage: none
         extensions: sockets
@@ -47,14 +47,14 @@ jobs:
       uses: actions/cache@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5
       with:
         path: ${{ steps.composer-cache.outputs.dir }}
-        key: static-php-8.3-${{ matrix.dependency-version }}-composer-${{ hashFiles('**/composer.json', '**/composer.lock') }}
+        key: static-php-8.4-${{ matrix.dependency-version }}-composer-${{ hashFiles('**/composer.json', '**/composer.lock') }}
         restore-keys: |
-          static-php-8.3-${{ matrix.dependency-version }}-composer-
-          static-php-8.3-composer-
+          static-php-8.4-${{ matrix.dependency-version }}-composer-
+          static-php-8.4-composer-
 
     - name: Install Dependencies
       env:
-        COMPOSER_ROOT_VERSION: 4.x-dev
+        COMPOSER_ROOT_VERSION: 5.x-dev
       run: composer update --${{ matrix.dependency-version }} --no-interaction --no-progress --ansi
 
     - name: Profanity Check

.github/workflows/tests.yml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ name: Tests
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [4.x]
+    branches: [5.x]
   pull_request:
   schedule:
     - cron: '0 9 * * *'
@@ -24,12 +24,9 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: true
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest] # windows-latest
-        symfony: ['7.4', '8.0']
-        php: ['8.3', '8.4', '8.5']
+        symfony: ['8.0']
+        php: ['8.4', '8.5']
         dependency_version: [prefer-stable]
-        exclude:
-          - php: '8.3'
-            symfony: '8.0'
 
     name: PHP ${{ matrix.php }} - Symfony ^${{ matrix.symfony }} - ${{ matrix.os }} - ${{ matrix.dependency_version }}
 
@@ -67,7 +64,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Install PHP dependencies
       shell: bash
       env:
-        COMPOSER_ROOT_VERSION: 4.x-dev
+        COMPOSER_ROOT_VERSION: 5.x-dev
       run: composer update --${{ matrix.dependency_version }} --no-interaction --no-progress --ansi --with="symfony/console:^${{ matrix.symfony }}"
 
     - name: Unit Tests

README.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <p align="center">
-    <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pestphp/art/master/v4/social.png" width="600" alt="PEST">
+    <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pestphp/art/master/v5/social.png" width="600" alt="PEST">
     <p align="center">
-        <a href="https://github.com/pestphp/pest/actions"><img alt="GitHub Workflow Status (4.x)" src="https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/pestphp/pest/tests.yml?branch=4.x&label=Tests%204.x"></a>
+        <a href="https://github.com/pestphp/pest/actions"><img alt="GitHub Workflow Status (5.x)" src="https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/pestphp/pest/tests.yml?branch=5.x&label=Tests%205.x"></a>
         <a href="https://packagist.org/packages/pestphp/pest"><img alt="Total Downloads" src="https://img.shields.io/packagist/dt/pestphp/pest"></a>
         <a href="https://packagist.org/packages/pestphp/pest"><img alt="Latest Version" src="https://img.shields.io/packagist/v/pestphp/pest"></a>
         <a href="https://packagist.org/packages/pestphp/pest"><img alt="License" src="https://img.shields.io/packagist/l/pestphp/pest"></a>
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 ------
 
-> Pest v4 Now Available: **[Read the announcement »](https://pestphp.com/docs/pest-v4-is-here-now-with-browser-testing)**.
+> Pest v5 Now Available: **[Read the announcement »](https://pestphp.com/docs/pest-v5-is-here)**.
 
 **Pest** is an elegant PHP testing Framework with a focus on simplicity, meticulously designed to bring back the joy of testing in PHP.
 

RELEASE.md

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 
 When releasing a new version of Pest there are some checks and updates that need to be done:
 
-> **For Pest v3 you should use the `3.x` branch instead.**
+> **For Pest v4 you should use the `4.x` branch instead.**
 
-- Clear your local repository with: `git add . && git reset --hard && git checkout 4.x`
-- On the GitHub repository, check the contents of [github.com/pestphp/pest/compare/{latest_version}...4.x](https://github.com/pestphp/pest/compare/{latest_version}...4.x)
+- Clear your local repository with: `git add . && git reset --hard && git checkout 5.x`
+- On the GitHub repository, check the contents of [github.com/pestphp/pest/compare/{latest_version}...5.x](https://github.com/pestphp/pest/compare/{latest_version}...5.x)
 - Update the version number in [src/Pest.php](src/Pest.php)
 - Run the tests locally using: `composer test`
 - Commit the Pest file with the message: `git commit -m "release: vX.X.X"`

composer.json

@@ -17,21 +17,20 @@
         }
     ],
     "require": {
-        "php": "^8.3.0",
-        "brianium/paratest": "^7.20.0",
-        "composer/xdebug-handler": "^3.0.5",
+        "php": "^8.4",
+        "brianium/paratest": "^7.22.4",
         "nunomaduro/collision": "^8.9.4",
         "nunomaduro/termwind": "^2.4.0",
-        "pestphp/pest-plugin": "^4.0.0",
-        "pestphp/pest-plugin-arch": "^4.0.2",
-        "pestphp/pest-plugin-mutate": "^4.0.1",
-        "pestphp/pest-plugin-profanity": "^4.2.1",
-        "phpunit/phpunit": "^12.5.29",
-        "symfony/process": "^7.4.13|^8.1.0"
+        "pestphp/pest-plugin": "^5.0.0",
+        "pestphp/pest-plugin-arch": "^5.0.0",
+        "pestphp/pest-plugin-mutate": "^5.0.0",
+        "pestphp/pest-plugin-profanity": "^5.0.0",
+        "phpunit/phpunit": "^13.1.8",
+        "symfony/process": "^8.1.0"
     },
     "conflict": {
         "filp/whoops": "<2.18.3",
-        "phpunit/phpunit": ">12.5.29",
+        "phpunit/phpunit": ">13.1.8",
         "sebastian/exporter": "<7.0.0",
         "webmozart/assert": "<1.11.0"
     },
@@ -60,9 +59,10 @@
     },
     "require-dev": {
         "mrpunyapal/peststan": "^0.2.10",
-        "pestphp/pest-dev-tools": "^4.1.0",
-        "pestphp/pest-plugin-browser": "^4.3.1",
-        "pestphp/pest-plugin-type-coverage": "^4.0.4",
+        "laravel/pao": "^1.1.1",
+        "pestphp/pest-dev-tools": "^5.0.0",
+        "pestphp/pest-plugin-browser": "^5.0.0",
+        "pestphp/pest-plugin-type-coverage": "^5.0.0",
         "psy/psysh": "^0.12.23"
     },
     "minimum-stability": "dev",

resources/views/installers/plugin-browser.php

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 
     <div>
         <span class="text-gray mr-1">- </span>
-        <span>composer require pestphp/pest-plugin-browser:^4.0 --dev</span>
+        <span>composer require pestphp/pest-plugin-browser:^5.0 --dev</span>
     </div>
 
     <div>

src/Configuration.php

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ final readonly class Configuration
      */
     public function in(string ...$targets): UsesCall
     {
-        return (new UsesCall($this->filename, []))->in(...$targets);
+        return new UsesCall($this->filename, [])->in(...$targets);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ final readonly class Configuration
      */
     public function group(string ...$groups): UsesCall
     {
-        return (new UsesCall($this->filename, []))->group(...$groups);
+        return new UsesCall($this->filename, [])->group(...$groups);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ final readonly class Configuration
      */
     public function only(): void
     {
-        (new BeforeEachCall(TestSuite::getInstance(), $this->filename))->only();
+        new BeforeEachCall(TestSuite::getInstance(), $this->filename)->only();
     }
 
     /**

src/Expectation.php

@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ final class Expectation
             if ($callbacks[$index] instanceof Closure) {
                 $callbacks[$index](new self($value), new self($key));
             } else {
-                (new self($value))->toEqual($callbacks[$index]);
+                new self($value)->toEqual($callbacks[$index]);
             }
 
             $index = isset($callbacks[$index + 1]) ? $index + 1 : 0;
@@ -921,15 +921,7 @@ final class Expectation
 
         return Targeted::make(
             $this,
-            function (ObjectDescription $object) use ($interfaces): bool {
-                foreach ($interfaces as $interface) {
-                    if (! isset($object->reflectionClass) || ! $object->reflectionClass->implementsInterface($interface)) {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                }
-
-                return true;
-            },
+            fn (ObjectDescription $object): bool => array_all($interfaces, fn (string $interface): bool => isset($object->reflectionClass) && $object->reflectionClass->implementsInterface($interface)),
             "to implement '".implode("', '", $interfaces)."'",
             FileLineFinder::where(fn (string $line): bool => str_contains($line, 'class')),
         );
@@ -1144,8 +1136,8 @@ final class Expectation
             $this,
             fn (ObjectDescription $object): bool => isset($object->reflectionClass)
                 && $object->reflectionClass->isEnum()
-                && (new ReflectionEnum($object->name))->isBacked() // @phpstan-ignore-line
-                && (string) (new ReflectionEnum($object->name))->getBackingType() === $backingType, // @phpstan-ignore-line
+                && new ReflectionEnum($object->name)->isBacked() // @phpstan-ignore-line
+                && (string) new ReflectionEnum($object->name)->getBackingType() === $backingType, // @phpstan-ignore-line
             'to be '.$backingType.' backed enum',
             FileLineFinder::where(fn (string $line): bool => str_contains($line, 'class')),
         );

src/Expectations/OppositeExpectation.php

@@ -576,15 +576,7 @@ final readonly class OppositeExpectation
 
         return Targeted::make(
             $original,
-            function (ObjectDescription $object) use ($traits): bool {
-                foreach ($traits as $trait) {
-                    if (isset($object->reflectionClass) && in_array($trait, $object->reflectionClass->getTraitNames(), true)) {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                }
-
-                return true;
-            },
+            fn (ObjectDescription $object): bool => array_all($traits, fn (string $trait): bool => ! (isset($object->reflectionClass) && in_array($trait, $object->reflectionClass->getTraitNames(), true))),
             "not to use traits '".implode("', '", $traits)."'",
             FileLineFinder::where(fn (string $line): bool => str_contains($line, 'class')),
         );
@@ -604,15 +596,7 @@ final readonly class OppositeExpectation
 
         return Targeted::make(
             $original,
-            function (ObjectDescription $object) use ($interfaces): bool {
-                foreach ($interfaces as $interface) {
-                    if (isset($object->reflectionClass) && $object->reflectionClass->implementsInterface($interface)) {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                }
-
-                return true;
-            },
+            fn (ObjectDescription $object): bool => array_all($interfaces, fn (string $interface): bool => ! (isset($object->reflectionClass) && $object->reflectionClass->implementsInterface($interface))),
             "not to implement '".implode("', '", $interfaces)."'",
             FileLineFinder::where(fn (string $line): bool => str_contains($line, 'class')),
         );
@@ -814,13 +798,11 @@ final readonly class OppositeExpectation
 
         $exporter = Exporter::default();
 
-        $toString = fn (mixed $argument): string => $exporter->shortenedExport($argument);
-
         throw new ExpectationFailedException(sprintf(
             'Expecting %s not %s %s.',
-            $toString($this->original->value),
+            $exporter->shortenedExport($this->original->value),
             strtolower((string) preg_replace('/(?<!\ )[A-Z]/', ' $0', $name)),
-            implode(' ', array_map(fn (mixed $argument): string => $toString($argument), $arguments)),
+            implode(' ', array_map(fn (mixed $argument): string => $exporter->export($argument), $arguments)),
         ));
     }
 
@@ -852,8 +834,8 @@ final readonly class OppositeExpectation
             $original,
             fn (ObjectDescription $object): bool => isset($object->reflectionClass) === false
                 || ! $object->reflectionClass->isEnum()
-                || ! (new \ReflectionEnum($object->name))->isBacked() // @phpstan-ignore-line
-                || (string) (new \ReflectionEnum($object->name))->getBackingType() !== $backingType, // @phpstan-ignore-line
+                || ! new \ReflectionEnum($object->name)->isBacked() // @phpstan-ignore-line
+                || (string) new \ReflectionEnum($object->name)->getBackingType() !== $backingType, // @phpstan-ignore-line
             'not to be '.$backingType.' backed enum',
             FileLineFinder::where(fn (string $line): bool => str_contains($line, 'class')),
         );

src/Factories/TestCaseFactory.php

@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ final class TestCaseFactory
 
         if (
             $method->closure instanceof \Closure &&
-            (new \ReflectionFunction($method->closure))->isStatic()
+            new \ReflectionFunction($method->closure)->isStatic()
         ) {
 
             throw new TestClosureMustNotBeStatic($method);

src/Mixins/Expectation.php

@@ -936,7 +936,7 @@ final class Expectation
 
         if ($exception instanceof Closure) {
             $callback = $exception;
-            $parameters = (new ReflectionFunction($exception))->getParameters();
+            $parameters = new ReflectionFunction($exception)->getParameters();
 
             if (count($parameters) !== 1) {
                 throw new InvalidArgumentException('The given closure must have a single parameter type-hinted as the class string.');
@@ -1142,6 +1142,22 @@ final class Expectation
         return $this;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Asserts that the value is a ULID.
+     *
+     * @return self<TValue>
+     */
+    public function toBeUlid(string $message = ''): self
+    {
+        if (! is_string($this->value)) {
+            InvalidExpectationValue::expected('string');
+        }
+
+        Assert::assertTrue(Str::isUlid($this->value), $message);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Asserts that the value is between 2 specified values
      *

src/PHPStan/HigherOrderExpectationTypeExtension.php

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ final readonly class HigherOrderExpectationTypeExtension implements ExpressionTy
 
         $varType = $scope->getType($expr->var);
 
-        if (! (new ObjectType(HigherOrderExpectation::class))->isSuperTypeOf($varType)->yes()) {
+        if (! new ObjectType(HigherOrderExpectation::class)->isSuperTypeOf($varType)->yes()) {
             return null;
         }
 

src/PendingCalls/UsesCall.php

@@ -53,9 +53,7 @@ final class UsesCall
         $this->targets = [$filename];
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @deprecated Use `pest()->printer()->compact()` instead.
-     */
+    #[\Deprecated(message: 'Use `pest()->printer()->compact()` instead.')]
     public function compact(): self
     {
         DefaultPrinter::compact(true);

src/Pest.php

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ namespace Pest;
 
 function version(): string
 {
-    return '4.7.3';
+    return '5.0.0-rc.10';
 }
 
 function testDirectory(string $file = ''): string

src/Plugins/Concerns/HandleArguments.php

@@ -50,11 +50,14 @@ trait HandleArguments
      */
     public function popArgument(string $argument, array $arguments): array
     {
-        $arguments = array_flip($arguments);
+        $key = array_search($argument, $arguments, true);
 
-        unset($arguments[$argument]);
+        while ($key !== false) {
+            unset($arguments[$key]);
+            $key = array_search($argument, $arguments, true);
+        }
 
-        return array_values(array_flip($arguments));
+        return array_values($arguments);
     }
 
     /**

src/Plugins/Coverage.php

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ use Symfony\Component\Console\Output\OutputInterface;
  */
 final class Coverage implements AddsOutput, HandlesArguments
 {
+    use Concerns\HandleArguments;
+
     private const string COVERAGE_OPTION = 'coverage';
 
     private const string MIN_OPTION = 'min';
@@ -77,11 +79,9 @@ final class Coverage implements AddsOutput, HandlesArguments
             return false;
         }))];
 
-        $originals = array_flip($originals);
         foreach ($arguments as $argument) {
-            unset($originals[$argument]);
+            $originals = $this->popArgument($argument, $originals);
         }
-        $originals = array_flip($originals);
 
         $inputs = [];
         $inputs[] = new InputOption(self::COVERAGE_OPTION, null, InputOption::VALUE_NONE);

src/Plugins/Parallel.php

@@ -178,13 +178,7 @@ final class Parallel implements HandlesArguments
     {
         $arguments = new ArgvInput;
 
-        foreach (self::UNSUPPORTED_ARGUMENTS as $unsupportedArgument) {
-            if ($arguments->hasParameterOption($unsupportedArgument)) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return false;
+        return array_any(self::UNSUPPORTED_ARGUMENTS, fn (string|array $unsupportedArgument): bool => $arguments->hasParameterOption($unsupportedArgument));
     }
 
     /**

src/Plugins/Parallel/Paratest/WrapperRunner.php

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ namespace Pest\Plugins\Parallel\Paratest;
 use const DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
 
 use NunoMaduro\Collision\Adapters\Phpunit\Support\ResultReflection;
-use ParaTest\Coverage\CoverageMerger;
 use ParaTest\JUnit\LogMerger;
 use ParaTest\JUnit\Writer;
 use ParaTest\Options;
@@ -25,11 +24,17 @@ use PHPUnit\TestRunner\TestResult\Facade as TestResultFacade;
 use PHPUnit\TestRunner\TestResult\TestResult;
 use PHPUnit\TextUI\Configuration\CodeCoverageFilterRegistry;
 use PHPUnit\Util\ExcludeList;
+use ReflectionProperty;
+use SebastianBergmann\CodeCoverage\Node\Builder;
+use SebastianBergmann\CodeCoverage\Serialization\Merger;
+use SebastianBergmann\CodeCoverage\StaticAnalysis\FileAnalyser;
+use SebastianBergmann\CodeCoverage\StaticAnalysis\ParsingSourceAnalyser;
 use SebastianBergmann\Timer\Timer;
 use SplFileInfo;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Output\OutputInterface;
 use Symfony\Component\Process\PhpExecutableFinder;
 
+use function array_filter;
 use function array_merge;
 use function array_merge_recursive;
 use function array_shift;
@@ -447,10 +452,33 @@ final class WrapperRunner implements RunnerInterface
 
             return;
         }
-        $coverageMerger = new CoverageMerger($coverageManager->codeCoverage());
-        foreach ($this->coverageFiles as $coverageFile) {
-            $coverageMerger->addCoverageFromFile($coverageFile);
+        $coverageFiles = [];
+        foreach ($this->coverageFiles as $fileInfo) {
+            $realPath = $fileInfo->getRealPath();
+            if ($realPath !== false && $realPath !== '') {
+                $coverageFiles[] = $realPath;
+            }
         }
+        $serializedCoverage = (new Merger)->merge($coverageFiles);
+
+        $report = (new Builder(new FileAnalyser(new ParsingSourceAnalyser, false, false)))->build(
+            $serializedCoverage['codeCoverage'],
+            $serializedCoverage['testResults'],
+            $serializedCoverage['basePath'],
+        );
+        $codeCoverage = $coverageManager->codeCoverage();
+        $codeCoverage->excludeUncoveredFiles();
+
+        $mergedData = $serializedCoverage['codeCoverage'];
+        $basePath = $serializedCoverage['basePath'];
+        if ($basePath !== '') {
+            foreach ($mergedData->coveredFiles() as $relativePath) {
+                $mergedData->renameFile($relativePath, $basePath.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$relativePath);
+            }
+        }
+        $codeCoverage->setData($mergedData);
+        $codeCoverage->setTests($serializedCoverage['testResults']);
+        (new ReflectionProperty(\SebastianBergmann\CodeCoverage\CodeCoverage::class, 'cachedReport'))->setValue($codeCoverage, $report);
 
         $coverageManager->generateReports(
             $this->printer->printer,

src/Plugins/Shard.php

@@ -27,6 +27,13 @@ final class Shard implements AddsOutput, HandlesArguments, Terminable
 
     private const string SHARD_OPTION = 'shard';
 
+    /**
+     * The maximum length allowed for the filter argument.
+     * While ARG_MAX can be 2MB, individual arguments are often limited to 128KB (MAX_ARG_STRLEN).
+     * Practical limits in CI environments (like Docker or pipeline runners) can be even lower.
+     */
+    private const int MAX_FILTER_LENGTH = 32768;
+
     /**
      * The shard index and total number of shards.
      *
@@ -132,7 +139,8 @@ final class Shard implements AddsOutput, HandlesArguments, Terminable
             self::$timeBalanced = true;
             self::$shardsOutdated = $newTests !== [];
         } else {
-            $testsToRun = (array_chunk($tests, max(1, (int) ceil(count($tests) / $total))))[$index - 1] ?? [];
+            $isInCurrentShard = fn (int $key): bool => $key % $total === ($index - 1);
+            $testsToRun = array_values(array_filter($tests, $isInCurrentShard, ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY));
         }
 
         self::$shard = [
@@ -146,7 +154,11 @@ final class Shard implements AddsOutput, HandlesArguments, Terminable
             return $arguments;
         }
 
-        return [...$arguments, '--filter', $this->buildFilterArgument($testsToRun)];
+        $filter = $this->buildFilterArgument($testsToRun);
+
+        $this->ensureFilterLengthIsSafe($filter);
+
+        return [...$arguments, '--filter', $filter];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -187,11 +199,11 @@ final class Shard implements AddsOutput, HandlesArguments, Terminable
      */
     private function allTests(array $arguments): array
     {
-        $output = (new Process([
+        $output = new Process([
             'php',
             ...$this->removeParallelArguments($arguments),
             '--list-tests',
-        ]))->setTimeout(120)->mustRun()->getOutput();
+        ])->setTimeout(120)->mustRun()->getOutput();
 
         preg_match_all('/ - (?:P\\\\)?(Tests\\\\[^:]+)::/', $output, $matches);
 
@@ -209,10 +221,63 @@ final class Shard implements AddsOutput, HandlesArguments, Terminable
 
     /**
      * Builds the filter argument for the given tests to run.
+     *
+     * @param  array<int, string>  $testsToRun
      */
-    private function buildFilterArgument(mixed $testsToRun): string
+    private function buildFilterArgument(array $testsToRun): string
     {
-        return addslashes(implode('|', $testsToRun));
+        if ($testsToRun === []) {
+            return '';
+        }
+
+        /** @var array<string, mixed> $tree */
+        $tree = [];
+        foreach ($testsToRun as $class) {
+            $parts = explode('\\', $class);
+            $current = &$tree;
+            foreach ($parts as $part) {
+                if (! isset($current[$part])) {
+                    $current[$part] = [];
+                }
+                $current = &$current[$part];
+            }
+        }
+
+        $buildRegex = function (array $tree) use (&$buildRegex): string {
+            $parts = [];
+            foreach ($tree as $key => $sub) {
+                $subRegex = $buildRegex($sub);
+                if ($subRegex === '') {
+                    $parts[] = preg_quote($key, '/');
+                } else {
+                    $parts[] = preg_quote($key, '/').'\\\\'.(count($sub) > 1 ? '('.$subRegex.')' : $subRegex);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return implode('|', $parts);
+        };
+
+        return $buildRegex($tree);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures that the filter length is safe for the current environment.
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidOption
+     */
+    private function ensureFilterLengthIsSafe(string $filter): void
+    {
+        $maxLength = (int) (getenv('PEST_SHARD_MAX_FILTER_LENGTH') ?: self::MAX_FILTER_LENGTH);
+
+        if (strlen($filter) > $maxLength) {
+            throw new InvalidOption(sprintf(
+                'The generated filter for this shard is too long (%d characters). '.
+                'This can cause issues with some environments (limit is %d characters). '.
+                'Please increase the number of shards (e.g., use 1/4 instead of 1/2) to reduce the filter length.',
+                strlen($filter),
+                $maxLength
+            ));
+        }
     }
 
     /**

src/Plugins/Tia.php

@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ final class Tia implements AddsOutput, HandlesArguments, Terminable
     private function handleParent(array $arguments, string $projectRoot, bool $forceRebuild): array
     {
         $this->watchPatterns->useDefaults($projectRoot);
-        $this->branch = (new ChangedFiles($projectRoot))->currentBranch() ?? 'main';
+        $this->branch = new ChangedFiles($projectRoot)->currentBranch() ?? 'main';
 
         $fingerprint = Fingerprint::compute($projectRoot);
         $this->startFingerprint = $fingerprint;
@@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ final class Tia implements AddsOutput, HandlesArguments, Terminable
      */
     private function handleWorker(array $arguments, string $projectRoot, bool $recordingGlobal, bool $replayingGlobal): array
     {
-        $this->branch = (new ChangedFiles($projectRoot))->currentBranch() ?? 'main';
+        $this->branch = new ChangedFiles($projectRoot)->currentBranch() ?? 'main';
 
         if ($replayingGlobal) {
             $this->installWorkerReplay($projectRoot);

src/Plugins/Tia/Graph.php

@@ -1289,13 +1289,7 @@ final class Graph
     /** @param  array<string, array<int, string>>  $edges */
     private function anyTestUses(array $edges, string $component): bool
     {
-        foreach ($edges as $components) {
-            if (in_array($component, $components, true)) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return false;
+        return array_any($edges, fn (array $components): bool => in_array($component, $components, true));
     }
 
     public function pruneMissingTests(): void

src/Plugins/Tia/JsModuleGraph.php

@@ -386,12 +386,6 @@ final class JsModuleGraph
 
     private static function hasViteConfig(string $projectRoot): bool
     {
-        foreach (self::VITE_CONFIG_NAMES as $name) {
-            if (is_file($projectRoot.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$name)) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return false;
+        return array_any(self::VITE_CONFIG_NAMES, fn (string $name): bool => is_file($projectRoot.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$name));
     }
 }

src/Plugins/Tia/TableExtractor.php

@@ -23,15 +23,7 @@ final class TableExtractor
         }
 
         $prefix = strtolower(substr($trimmed, 0, 6));
-
-        $matched = false;
-        foreach (self::DML_PREFIXES as $dml) {
-            if (str_starts_with($prefix, $dml)) {
-                $matched = true;
-
-                break;
-            }
-        }
+        $matched = array_any(self::DML_PREFIXES, fn (string $dml): bool => str_starts_with($prefix, $dml));
 
         if (! $matched) {
             return [];

src/Plugins/Tia/TestPaths.php

@@ -94,15 +94,7 @@ final readonly class TestPaths
         if (in_array($relativePath, $this->files, true)) {
             return true;
         }
-
-        $matchesSuffix = false;
-        foreach ($this->suffixes as $suffix) {
-            if (str_ends_with($relativePath, $suffix)) {
-                $matchesSuffix = true;
-
-                break;
-            }
-        }
+        $matchesSuffix = array_any($this->suffixes, fn (string $suffix): bool => str_ends_with($relativePath, $suffix));
 
         if (! $matchesSuffix) {
             return false;

src/Plugins/Tia/WatchPatterns.php

@@ -253,35 +253,17 @@ final class WatchPatterns
 
     private function patternTargetsDotfiles(string $pattern): bool
     {
-        foreach (explode('/', str_replace('\\', '/', $pattern)) as $segment) {
-            if ($segment !== '' && $segment[0] === '.') {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return false;
+        return array_any(explode('/', str_replace('\\', '/', $pattern)), fn (string $segment): bool => $segment !== '' && $segment[0] === '.');
     }
 
     private function touchesVcs(string $file): bool
     {
-        foreach (explode('/', $file) as $segment) {
-            if (in_array($segment, self::VCS_DIRS, true)) {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return false;
+        return array_any(explode('/', $file), fn (string $segment): bool => in_array($segment, self::VCS_DIRS, true));
     }
 
     private function touchesDotfile(string $file): bool
     {
-        foreach (explode('/', $file) as $segment) {
-            if ($segment !== '' && $segment[0] === '.') {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return false;
+        return array_any(explode('/', $file), fn (string $segment): bool => $segment !== '' && $segment[0] === '.');
     }
 
     private function excludeMatches(string $exclude, string $file): bool

src/Restarters/XdebugRestarter.php

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ final class XdebugRestarter implements Restarter
             return;
         }
 
-        (new XdebugHandler('pest'))->check();
+        new XdebugHandler('pest')->check();
     }
 
     private function xdebugIsCoverageOnly(): bool

src/Support/Coverage.php

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use Pest\Plugins\Tia\CoverageMerger;
 use SebastianBergmann\CodeCoverage\CodeCoverage;
 use SebastianBergmann\CodeCoverage\Node\Directory;
 use SebastianBergmann\CodeCoverage\Node\File;
+use SebastianBergmann\CodeCoverage\Report\Facade;
 use SebastianBergmann\Environment\Runtime;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Output\OutputInterface;
 
@@ -95,10 +96,18 @@ final class Coverage
         $codeCoverage = require $reportPath;
         unlink($reportPath);
 
-        $totalCoverage = $codeCoverage->getReport()->percentageOfExecutedLines();
+        // @phpstan-ignore-next-line
+        if (is_array($codeCoverage)) {
+            $facade = Facade::fromSerializedData($codeCoverage);
 
-        /** @var Directory<File|Directory> $report */
-        $report = $codeCoverage->getReport();
+            /** @var Directory<File|Directory> $report */
+            $report = (fn (): Directory => $this->report)->call($facade);
+        } else {
+            /** @var Directory<File|Directory> $report */
+            $report = $codeCoverage->getReport();
+        }
+
+        $totalCoverage = $report->percentageOfExecutedLines();
 
         foreach ($report->getIterator() as $file) {
             if (! $file instanceof File) {

src/Support/Exporter.php

@@ -86,4 +86,17 @@ final readonly class Exporter
 
         return (string) preg_replace(array_keys($map), array_values($map), $this->exporter->shortenedExport($value));
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Exports a value into a full single-line string without truncation.
+     */
+    public function export(mixed $value): string
+    {
+        $map = [
+            '#\\\n\s*#' => '',
+            '# Object \(\.{3}\)#' => '',
+        ];
+
+        return (string) preg_replace(array_keys($map), array_values($map), $this->exporter->export($value));
+    }
 }

src/Support/HigherOrderMessage.php

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ final class HigherOrderMessage
         }
 
         if ($this->hasHigherOrderCallable()) {
-            return (new HigherOrderCallables($target))->{$this->name}(...$this->arguments);
+            return new HigherOrderCallables($target)->{$this->name}(...$this->arguments);
         }
 
         try {

src/Support/HigherOrderMessageCollection.php

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ final class HigherOrderMessageCollection
      */
     public function addWhen(callable $condition, string $filename, int $line, string $name, ?array $arguments): void
     {
-        $this->messages[] = (new HigherOrderMessage($filename, $line, $name, $arguments))->when($condition);
+        $this->messages[] = new HigherOrderMessage($filename, $line, $name, $arguments)->when($condition);
     }
 
     /**

src/Support/HigherOrderTapProxy.php

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ final class HigherOrderTapProxy
             return $this->target->{$property};
         }
 
-        $className = (new ReflectionClass($this->target))->getName();
+        $className = new ReflectionClass($this->target)->getName();
 
         if (str_starts_with($className, 'P\\')) {
             $className = substr($className, 2);
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ final class HigherOrderTapProxy
         $filename = Backtrace::file();
         $line = Backtrace::line();
 
-        return (new HigherOrderMessage($filename, $line, $methodName, $arguments))
+        return new HigherOrderMessage($filename, $line, $methodName, $arguments)
             ->call($this->target);
     }
 }

src/Support/Reflection.php

@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ final class Reflection
      */
     public static function getFunctionArguments(Closure $function): array
     {
-        $parameters = (new ReflectionFunction($function))->getParameters();
+        $parameters = new ReflectionFunction($function)->getParameters();
         $arguments = [];
 
         foreach ($parameters as $parameter) {
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ final class Reflection
 
     public static function getFunctionVariable(Closure $function, string $key): mixed
     {
-        return (new ReflectionFunction($function))->getStaticVariables()[$key] ?? null;
+        return new ReflectionFunction($function)->getStaticVariables()[$key] ?? null;
     }
 
     /**

src/Support/Str.php

@@ -98,6 +98,14 @@ final class Str
         return preg_match('/^[\da-f]{8}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{12}$/iD', $value) > 0;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Determine if a given value is a valid ULID.
+     */
+    public static function isUlid(string $value): bool
+    {
+        return preg_match('/^[0-9A-HJKMNP-TV-Z]{26}$/', $value) > 0;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Creates a describe block as `$describeDescription` → `$testDescription` format.
      *

tests/.pest/snapshots/Visual/Help/visual_snapshot_of_help_command_output.snap

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 
-  Pest Testing Framework 4.7.3.  
+  Pest Testing Framework 5.0.0-rc.10.  
 
   USAGE: pest <file> [options]  
 
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
   --filter [pattern] ............................... Filter which tests to run  
   --exclude-filter [pattern] .. Exclude tests for the specified filter pattern  
   --test-suffix [suffixes]  Only search for test in files with specified suffix(es). Default: Test.php,.phpt  
+  --test-files-file [file]  Only run test files listed in file (one file by line)  
 
   EXECUTION OPTIONS:
   --parallel ........................................... Run tests in parallel  
@@ -125,12 +126,12 @@
   LOGGING OPTIONS:
   --log-junit [file] .......... Write test results in JUnit XML format to file  
   --log-otr [file]  Write test results in Open Test Reporting XML format to file  
-  --include-git-information  Include Git information in Open Test Reporting XML logfile  
   --log-teamcity [file] ........ Write test results in TeamCity format to file  
   --testdox-html [file] .. Write test results in TestDox format (HTML) to file  
   --testdox-text [file]  Write test results in TestDox format (plain text) to file  
   --log-events-text [file] ............... Stream events as plain text to file  
   --log-events-verbose-text [file]  Stream events as plain text with extended information to file  
+  --include-git-information ..... Include Git information in supported formats  
   --no-logging ....... Ignore logging configured in the XML configuration file  
 
   CODE COVERAGE OPTIONS:

tests/.pest/snapshots/Visual/Version/visual_snapshot_of_help_command_output.snap

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 
-  Pest Testing Framework 4.7.3.  
+  Pest Testing Framework 5.0.0-rc.10.  
 

tests/.snapshots/success.txt

@@ -752,6 +752,13 @@
   ✓ passes as not truthy with ('0')
   ✓ failures
   ✓ failures with custom message
+  ✓ not failures
+
+   PASS  Tests\Features\Expect\toBeUlid
+  ✓ failures with wrong type
+  ✓ pass
+  ✓ failures
+  ✓ failures with message
   ✓ not failures
 
    PASS  Tests\Features\Expect\toBeUppercase
@@ -1696,6 +1703,8 @@
    PASS  Tests\Unit\Expectations\OppositeExpectation
   ✓ it throw expectation failed exception with string argument
   ✓ it throw expectation failed exception with array argument
+  ✓ it does not truncate long string arguments in error message
+  ✓ it does not truncate custom error message when using not()
 
    PASS  Tests\Unit\Overrides\ThrowableBuilder
   ✓ collision editor can be added to the stack trace
@@ -1707,6 +1716,8 @@
   ✓ method hasArgument with ('someValue', true)
   ✓ method hasArgument with ('--a', false)
   ✓ method hasArgument with ('--undefined-argument', false)
+  ✓ popArgument preserves duplicate values when removing a missing argument
+  ✓ popArgument preserves duplicate values when removing an existing argument
 
    PASS  Tests\Unit\Plugins\Environment
   ✓ environment is set to CI when --ci option is used
@@ -1715,6 +1726,40 @@
    PASS  Tests\Unit\Plugins\Retry
   ✓ it orders by defects and stop on defects if when --retry is used
 
+   PASS  Tests\Unit\Plugins\Shard
+  ✓ getShard → it parses valid shard format with ('1/2', 1, 2)
+  ✓ getShard → it parses valid shard format with ('2/2', 2, 2)
+  ✓ getShard → it parses valid shard format with ('1/4', 1, 4)
+  ✓ getShard → it parses valid shard format with ('4/4', 4, 4)
+  ✓ getShard → it parses valid shard format with ('1/10', 1, 10)
+  ✓ getShard → it parses valid shard format with ('10/10', 10, 10)
+  ✓ getShard → it parses valid shard format with ('5/100', 5, 100)
+  ✓ getShard → it throws exception for invalid format with (['test', '--shard', 'invalid'])
+  ✓ getShard → it throws exception for invalid format with (['test', '--shard', '1'])
+  ✓ getShard → it throws exception for invalid format with (['test', '--shard', '1/'])
+  ✓ getShard → it throws exception for invalid format with (['test', '--shard', '/2'])
+  ✓ getShard → it throws exception for invalid format with (['test', '--shard', 'a/b'])
+  ✓ getShard → it throws exception for invalid format with (['test', '--shard', '1.5/2'])
+  ✓ getShard → it throws exception for invalid index or total values with (['test', '--shard', '0/2'])
+  ✓ getShard → it throws exception for invalid index or total values with (['test', '--shard', '1/0'])
+  ✓ getShard → it throws exception for invalid index or total values with (['test', '--shard', '3/2'])
+  ✓ getShard → it throws exception for invalid index or total values with (['test', '--shard', '5/4'])
+  ✓ buildFilterArgument → it generates compact filter for single test
+  ✓ buildFilterArgument → it generates compact filter for multiple tests with common prefix
+  ✓ buildFilterArgument → it generates compact filter for tests with different namespaces
+  ✓ buildFilterArgument → it returns empty string for empty test list
+  ✓ buildFilterArgument → it generates compact filter for deeply nested namespaces
+  ✓ buildFilterArgument → it handles mix of nested and flat namespaces
+  ✓ ensureFilterLengthIsSafe → it accepts filter within length limit
+  ✓ ensureFilterLengthIsSafe → it throws exception when filter exceeds default limit
+  ✓ ensureFilterLengthIsSafe → it respects custom limit from environment variable
+  ✓ ensureFilterLengthIsSafe → it accepts filter within custom limit
+  ✓ handleArguments → it returns original arguments when shard option is not present
+  ✓ handleArguments → it removes parallel arguments from test discovery
+  ✓ addOutput → it displays shard information after test execution
+  ✓ addOutput → it uses singular form for single test file
+  ✓ addOutput → it returns original exit code when shard is not set
+
    PASS  Tests\Unit\Plugins\Tia\ContentHash
   ✓ of() → it returns false when file does not exist
   ✓ of() → it hashes an existing file
@@ -1904,6 +1949,7 @@
   ✓ parallel
   ✓ a parallel test can extend another test with same name
   ✓ parallel reports invalid datasets as failures
+  ✓ parallel can have multiple exclude-groups
 
    PASS  Tests\Visual\ParallelNestedDatasets
   ✓ parallel loads nested datasets from nested directories
@@ -1937,4 +1983,4 @@
   ✓ pass with dataset with ('my-datas-set-value')
   ✓ within describe → pass with dataset with ('my-datas-set-value')
 
-  Tests:    2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 2 notices, 40 todos, 35 skipped, 1328 passed (3008 assertions)
+  Tests:    2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 2 notices, 40 todos, 35 skipped, 1370 passed (3068 assertions)

tests/Features/Expect/toBeUlid.php

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?php
+
+use Pest\Exceptions\InvalidExpectationValue;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\ExpectationFailedException;
+
+test('failures with wrong type', function () {
+    expect([])->toBeUlid();
+})->throws(InvalidExpectationValue::class, 'Invalid expectation value type. Expected [string].');
+
+test('pass', function () {
+    expect('01ARZ3NDEKTSV4RRFFQ69G5FAV')->toBeUlid();
+    expect('01BX5ZZKBKACTAV9WEVGEMMVRE')->toBeUlid();
+    expect('7ZZZZZZZZZ0000000000000000')->toBeUlid();
+});
+
+test('failures', function () {
+    expect('foo')->toBeUlid();
+})->throws(ExpectationFailedException::class);
+
+test('failures with message', function () {
+    expect('bar')->toBeUlid('oh no!');
+})->throws(ExpectationFailedException::class, 'oh no!');
+
+test('not failures', function () {
+    expect('foo')->not->toBeUlid();
+});

tests/Unit/Expectations/OppositeExpectation.php

@@ -14,3 +14,17 @@ it('throw expectation failed exception with array argument', function (): void {
 
     $expectation->throwExpectationFailedException('toBe', ['bar']);
 })->throws(ExpectationFailedException::class, "Expecting 'foo' not to be 'bar'.");
+
+it('does not truncate long string arguments in error message', function (): void {
+    $expectation = new OppositeExpectation(expect('foo'));
+
+    $longMessage = 'Very long error message. Very long error message. Very long error message.';
+
+    $expectation->throwExpectationFailedException('toBe', [$longMessage]);
+})->throws(ExpectationFailedException::class, 'Very long error message. Very long error message. Very long error message.');
+
+it('does not truncate custom error message when using not()', function (): void {
+    $longMessage = 'This is a very detailed custom error message that should not be truncated in the output.';
+
+    expect(true)->not()->toBeTrue($longMessage);
+})->throws(ExpectationFailedException::class, 'This is a very detailed custom error message that should not be truncated in the output.');

tests/Unit/Plugins/Concerns/HandleArguments.php

@@ -24,3 +24,27 @@ test('method hasArgument', function (string $argument, bool $expectedResult) {
     ['--a', false],
     ['--undefined-argument', false],
 ]);
+
+test('popArgument preserves duplicate values when removing a missing argument', function () {
+    $obj = new class
+    {
+        use HandleArguments;
+    };
+
+    $arguments = ['--verbose', '--exclude-group', 'firstGroup', '--exclude-group', 'secondGroup', '--filter=MyTest'];
+    $result = $obj->popArgument('--missingitem', $arguments);
+
+    expect($result)->toBe($arguments);
+});
+
+test('popArgument preserves duplicate values when removing an existing argument', function () {
+    $obj = new class
+    {
+        use HandleArguments;
+    };
+
+    $arguments = ['--verbose', '--exclude-group', 'firstGroup', '--exclude-group', 'secondGroup', '--filter=MyTest'];
+    $result = $obj->popArgument('--verbose', $arguments);
+
+    expect($result)->toBe(['--exclude-group', 'firstGroup', '--exclude-group', 'secondGroup', '--filter=MyTest']);
+});

tests/Unit/Plugins/Shard.php

@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+<?php
+
+use Pest\Exceptions\InvalidOption;
+use Pest\Plugins\Shard;
+use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\ArgvInput;
+use Symfony\Component\Console\Output\BufferedOutput;
+
+describe('getShard', function () {
+    it('parses valid shard format', function (string $format, int $expectedIndex, int $expectedTotal) {
+        $input = new ArgvInput(['test', '--shard', $format]);
+
+        $result = Shard::getShard($input);
+
+        expect($result)->toBe([
+            'index' => $expectedIndex,
+            'total' => $expectedTotal,
+        ]);
+    })->with([
+        ['1/2', 1, 2],
+        ['2/2', 2, 2],
+        ['1/4', 1, 4],
+        ['4/4', 4, 4],
+        ['1/10', 1, 10],
+        ['10/10', 10, 10],
+        ['5/100', 5, 100],
+    ]);
+
+    it('throws exception for invalid format', function (array $arguments) {
+        $input = new ArgvInput($arguments);
+
+        Shard::getShard($input);
+    })->with([
+        [['test', '--shard', 'invalid']],
+        [['test', '--shard', '1']],
+        [['test', '--shard', '1/']],
+        [['test', '--shard', '/2']],
+        [['test', '--shard', 'a/b']],
+        [['test', '--shard', '1.5/2']],
+    ])->throws(InvalidOption::class);
+
+    it('throws exception for invalid index or total values', function (array $arguments) {
+        $input = new ArgvInput($arguments);
+
+        Shard::getShard($input);
+    })->with([
+        [['test', '--shard', '0/2']],
+        [['test', '--shard', '1/0']],
+        [['test', '--shard', '3/2']],
+        [['test', '--shard', '5/4']],
+    ])->throws(InvalidOption::class);
+});
+
+describe('buildFilterArgument', function () {
+    it('generates compact filter for single test', function () {
+        $output = new BufferedOutput;
+        $shard = new Shard($output);
+
+        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($shard);
+        $method = $reflection->getMethod('buildFilterArgument');
+
+        $filter = $method->invoke($shard, ['Tests\\Unit\\ExampleTest']);
+
+        expect($filter)->toBe('Tests\\\\Unit\\\\ExampleTest');
+    });
+
+    it('generates compact filter for multiple tests with common prefix', function () {
+        $output = new BufferedOutput;
+        $shard = new Shard($output);
+
+        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($shard);
+        $method = $reflection->getMethod('buildFilterArgument');
+
+        $filter = $method->invoke($shard, [
+            'Tests\\Unit\\Foo\\BarTest',
+            'Tests\\Unit\\Foo\\BazTest',
+        ]);
+
+        expect($filter)->toBe('Tests\\\\Unit\\\\Foo\\\\(BarTest|BazTest)');
+    });
+
+    it('generates compact filter for tests with different namespaces', function () {
+        $output = new BufferedOutput;
+        $shard = new Shard($output);
+
+        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($shard);
+        $method = $reflection->getMethod('buildFilterArgument');
+
+        $filter = $method->invoke($shard, [
+            'Tests\\Unit\\FooTest',
+            'Tests\\Feature\\BarTest',
+        ]);
+
+        expect($filter)->toBe('Tests\\\\(Unit\\\\FooTest|Feature\\\\BarTest)');
+    });
+
+    it('returns empty string for empty test list', function () {
+        $output = new BufferedOutput;
+        $shard = new Shard($output);
+
+        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($shard);
+        $method = $reflection->getMethod('buildFilterArgument');
+
+        $filter = $method->invoke($shard, []);
+
+        expect($filter)->toBe('');
+    });
+
+    it('generates compact filter for deeply nested namespaces', function () {
+        $output = new BufferedOutput;
+        $shard = new Shard($output);
+
+        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($shard);
+        $method = $reflection->getMethod('buildFilterArgument');
+
+        $filter = $method->invoke($shard, [
+            'Tests\\Unit\\Plugins\\Concerns\\Foo',
+            'Tests\\Unit\\Plugins\\Concerns\\Bar',
+            'Tests\\Unit\\Plugins\\Concerns\\Baz',
+        ]);
+
+        expect($filter)->toBe('Tests\\\\Unit\\\\Plugins\\\\Concerns\\\\(Foo|Bar|Baz)');
+    });
+
+    it('handles mix of nested and flat namespaces', function () {
+        $output = new BufferedOutput;
+        $shard = new Shard($output);
+
+        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($shard);
+        $method = $reflection->getMethod('buildFilterArgument');
+
+        $tests = [
+            'Tests\\Unit\\SimpleTest',
+            'Tests\\Unit\\Plugins\\Concerns\\HandleArguments',
+            'Tests\\Unit\\Plugins\\Concerns\\Validation',
+            'Tests\\Unit\\Another\\Deep\\Nested\\Test',
+        ];
+
+        $filter = $method->invoke($shard, $tests);
+
+        expect($filter)
+            ->toBe(addslashes('Tests\\Unit\\(SimpleTest|Plugins\\Concerns\\(HandleArguments|Validation)|Another\\Deep\\Nested\\Test)'));
+    });
+});
+
+describe('ensureFilterLengthIsSafe', function () {
+    it('accepts filter within length limit', function () {
+        $output = new BufferedOutput;
+        $shard = new Shard($output);
+
+        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($shard);
+        $method = $reflection->getMethod('ensureFilterLengthIsSafe');
+
+        $filter = str_repeat('a', 1000);
+
+        $method->invoke($shard, $filter);
+
+        expect(true)->toBeTrue();
+    });
+
+    it('throws exception when filter exceeds default limit', function () {
+        $output = new BufferedOutput;
+        $shard = new Shard($output);
+
+        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($shard);
+        $method = $reflection->getMethod('ensureFilterLengthIsSafe');
+
+        $filter = str_repeat('a', 32769);
+
+        $method->invoke($shard, $filter);
+    })->throws(InvalidOption::class, 'The generated filter for this shard is too long');
+
+    it('respects custom limit from environment variable', function () {
+        putenv('PEST_SHARD_MAX_FILTER_LENGTH=1000');
+
+        $output = new BufferedOutput;
+        $shard = new Shard($output);
+
+        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($shard);
+        $method = $reflection->getMethod('ensureFilterLengthIsSafe');
+
+        $filter = str_repeat('a', 1001);
+
+        try {
+            $method->invoke($shard, $filter);
+            expect(false)->toBeTrue('Should have thrown exception');
+        } catch (InvalidOption $e) {
+            expect($e->getMessage())->toContain('1001 characters')
+                ->and($e->getMessage())->toContain('limit is 1000 characters');
+        } finally {
+            putenv('PEST_SHARD_MAX_FILTER_LENGTH');
+        }
+    });
+
+    it('accepts filter within custom limit', function () {
+        putenv('PEST_SHARD_MAX_FILTER_LENGTH=1000');
+
+        $output = new BufferedOutput;
+        $shard = new Shard($output);
+
+        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($shard);
+        $method = $reflection->getMethod('ensureFilterLengthIsSafe');
+
+        $filter = str_repeat('a', 999);
+
+        try {
+            $method->invoke($shard, $filter);
+            expect(true)->toBeTrue();
+        } catch (InvalidOption) {
+            expect(false)->toBeTrue('Should not have thrown exception');
+        } finally {
+            putenv('PEST_SHARD_MAX_FILTER_LENGTH');
+        }
+    });
+});
+
+describe('handleArguments', function () {
+    it('returns original arguments when shard option is not present', function () {
+        $output = new BufferedOutput;
+        $shard = new Shard($output);
+
+        $arguments = ['bin/pest', 'tests/', '--parallel'];
+
+        $result = $shard->handleArguments($arguments);
+
+        expect($result)->toBe($arguments);
+    });
+
+    it('removes parallel arguments from test discovery', function () {
+        $output = new BufferedOutput;
+        $shard = new Shard($output);
+
+        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($shard);
+        $method = $reflection->getMethod('removeParallelArguments');
+
+        $arguments = ['bin/pest', '--parallel', 'tests/', '-p'];
+
+        $result = $method->invoke($shard, $arguments);
+
+        expect($result)->toBe([0 => 'bin/pest', 2 => 'tests/']);
+    });
+});
+
+describe('addOutput', function () {
+    it('displays shard information after test execution', function () {
+        $output = new BufferedOutput;
+        $shard = new Shard($output);
+
+        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($shard);
+        $property = $reflection->getProperty('shard');
+        $property->setValue(null, [
+            'index' => 2,
+            'total' => 4,
+            'testsRan' => 25,
+            'testsCount' => 100,
+        ]);
+
+        $exitCode = $shard->addOutput(0);
+        $outputText = $output->fetch();
+
+        expect($exitCode)->toBe(0)
+            ->and($outputText)->toContain('Shard:')
+            ->and($outputText)->toContain('2 of 4')
+            ->and($outputText)->toContain('25 files ran')
+            ->and($outputText)->toContain('out of 100');
+    });
+
+    it('uses singular form for single test file', function () {
+        $output = new BufferedOutput;
+        $shard = new Shard($output);
+
+        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($shard);
+        $property = $reflection->getProperty('shard');
+        $property->setValue(null, [
+            'index' => 1,
+            'total' => 4,
+            'testsRan' => 1,
+            'testsCount' => 100,
+        ]);
+
+        $shard->addOutput(0);
+        $outputText = $output->fetch();
+
+        expect($outputText)->toContain('1 file ran')
+            ->and($outputText)->not->toContain('1 files');
+    });
+
+    it('returns original exit code when shard is not set', function () {
+        $output = new BufferedOutput;
+        $shard = new Shard($output);
+
+        $reflection = new ReflectionClass($shard);
+        $property = $reflection->getProperty('shard');
+        $property->setValue(null, null);
+
+        $exitCode = $shard->addOutput(1);
+        $outputText = $output->fetch();
+
+        expect($exitCode)->toBe(1)
+            ->and($outputText)->not->toContain('Shard:');
+    });
+});

tests/Visual/Parallel.php

@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@ test('parallel', function () use ($run) {
         $file = file_get_contents(__FILE__);
         $file = preg_replace(
             '/\$expected = \'.*?\';/',
-            "\$expected = '2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 3 notices, 40 todos, 27 skipped, 1312 passed (2957 assertions)';",
+            "\$expected = '2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 3 notices, 40 todos, 27 skipped, 1353 passed (3015 assertions)';",
             $file,
         );
         file_put_contents(__FILE__, $file);
     }
 
-    $expected = '2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 3 notices, 40 todos, 27 skipped, 1312 passed (2957 assertions)';
+    $expected = '2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 3 notices, 40 todos, 27 skipped, 1353 passed (3015 assertions)';
 
     expect($output)
         ->toContain("Tests:    {$expected}")
@@ -47,3 +47,14 @@ test('parallel reports invalid datasets as failures', function () use ($run) {
         ->toContain('Tests:    1 failed, 1 passed (1 assertions)')
         ->toContain('Parallel: 3 processes');
 })->skipOnWindows();
+
+test('parallel can have multiple exclude-groups', function () use ($run) {
+    $singleExclude = $run('--exclude-group=integration');
+    $doubleExclude = $run('--exclude-group=integration', '--exclude-group=container');
+
+    preg_match('/(\d+) passed/', $singleExclude, $singleMatch);
+    preg_match('/(\d+) passed/', $doubleExclude, $doubleMatch);
+
+    expect((int) $doubleMatch[1])->toBeLessThan((int) $singleMatch[1]);
+    expect($doubleExclude)->toContain('Parallel: 3 processes');
+})->skipOnWindows();