release: v4.6.0

[4.x] Time based sharding

.github/workflows/static.yml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ name: Static Analysis
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [5.x]
+    branches: [4.x]
   pull_request:
   schedule:
     - cron: '0 9 * * *'
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Setup PHP
       uses: shivammathur/setup-php@v2
       with:
-        php-version: 8.4
+        php-version: 8.3
         tools: composer:v2
         coverage: none
         extensions: sockets
@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@ jobs:
       uses: actions/cache@v5
       with:
         path: ${{ steps.composer-cache.outputs.dir }}
-        key: static-php-8.4-${{ matrix.dependency-version }}-composer-${{ hashFiles('**/composer.json') }}
+        key: static-php-8.3-${{ matrix.dependency-version }}-composer-${{ hashFiles('**/composer.json') }}
         restore-keys: |
-          static-php-8.4-${{ matrix.dependency-version }}-composer-
-          static-php-8.4-composer-
+          static-php-8.3-${{ matrix.dependency-version }}-composer-
+          static-php-8.3-composer-
 
     - name: Install Dependencies
       run: composer update --${{ matrix.dependency-version }} --no-interaction --no-progress --ansi

.github/workflows/tests.yml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ name: Tests
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [5.x]
+    branches: [4.x]
   pull_request:
   schedule:
     - cron: '0 9 * * *'
@@ -21,9 +21,12 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: true
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest] # windows-latest
-        symfony: ['8.0']
-        php: ['8.4', '8.5']
+        symfony: ['7.4', '8.0']
+        php: ['8.3', '8.4', '8.5']
         dependency_version: [prefer-stable]
+        exclude:
+          - php: '8.3'
+            symfony: '8.0'
 
     name: PHP ${{ matrix.php }} - Symfony ^${{ matrix.symfony }} - ${{ matrix.os }} - ${{ matrix.dependency_version }}
 

composer.json

@@ -17,20 +17,20 @@
         }
     ],
     "require": {
-        "php": "^8.4",
-        "brianium/paratest": "^7.22.1",
+        "php": "^8.3.0",
+        "brianium/paratest": "^7.20.0",
         "nunomaduro/collision": "^8.9.3",
         "nunomaduro/termwind": "^2.4.0",
-        "pestphp/pest-plugin": "^5.0.0",
-        "pestphp/pest-plugin-arch": "^5.0.0",
-        "pestphp/pest-plugin-mutate": "^5.0.0",
-        "pestphp/pest-plugin-profanity": "^5.0.0",
-        "phpunit/phpunit": "^13.1.0",
-        "symfony/process": "^8.1.0"
+        "pestphp/pest-plugin": "^4.0.0",
+        "pestphp/pest-plugin-arch": "^4.0.2",
+        "pestphp/pest-plugin-mutate": "^4.0.1",
+        "pestphp/pest-plugin-profanity": "^4.2.1",
+        "phpunit/phpunit": "^12.5.16",
+        "symfony/process": "^7.4.8|^8.0.8"
     },
     "conflict": {
         "filp/whoops": "<2.18.3",
-        "phpunit/phpunit": ">13.1.0",
+        "phpunit/phpunit": ">12.5.16",
         "sebastian/exporter": "<7.0.0",
         "webmozart/assert": "<1.11.0"
     },
@@ -59,10 +59,9 @@
     },
     "require-dev": {
         "mrpunyapal/peststan": "^0.2.5",
-        "nunomaduro/pao": "0.x-dev",
-        "pestphp/pest-dev-tools": "^5.0.0",
-        "pestphp/pest-plugin-browser": "^5.0.0",
-        "pestphp/pest-plugin-type-coverage": "^5.0.0",
+        "pestphp/pest-dev-tools": "^4.1.0",
+        "pestphp/pest-plugin-browser": "^4.3.1",
+        "pestphp/pest-plugin-type-coverage": "^4.0.4",
         "psy/psysh": "^0.12.22"
     },
     "minimum-stability": "dev",

src/ArchPresets/Laravel.php

@@ -176,9 +176,5 @@ final class Laravel extends AbstractPreset
             ->toImplement('Illuminate\Contracts\Container\ContextualAttribute')
             ->toHaveAttribute('Attribute')
             ->toHaveMethod('resolve');
-
-        $this->expectations[] = expect('App\Rules')
-            ->classes()
-            ->toImplement('Illuminate\Contracts\Validation\ValidationRule');
     }
 }

src/Configuration.php

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ final readonly class Configuration
      */
     public function in(string ...$targets): UsesCall
     {
-        return new UsesCall($this->filename, [])->in(...$targets);
+        return (new UsesCall($this->filename, []))->in(...$targets);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ final readonly class Configuration
      */
     public function group(string ...$groups): UsesCall
     {
-        return new UsesCall($this->filename, [])->group(...$groups);
+        return (new UsesCall($this->filename, []))->group(...$groups);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ final readonly class Configuration
      */
     public function only(): void
     {
-        new BeforeEachCall(TestSuite::getInstance(), $this->filename)->only();
+        (new BeforeEachCall(TestSuite::getInstance(), $this->filename))->only();
     }
 
     /**

src/Expectation.php

@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ final class Expectation
             if ($callbacks[$index] instanceof Closure) {
                 $callbacks[$index](new self($value), new self($key));
             } else {
-                new self($value)->toEqual($callbacks[$index]);
+                (new self($value))->toEqual($callbacks[$index]);
             }
 
             $index = isset($callbacks[$index + 1]) ? $index + 1 : 0;
@@ -915,7 +915,15 @@ final class Expectation
 
         return Targeted::make(
             $this,
-            fn (ObjectDescription $object): bool => array_all($interfaces, fn (string $interface): bool => isset($object->reflectionClass) && $object->reflectionClass->implementsInterface($interface)),
+            function (ObjectDescription $object) use ($interfaces): bool {
+                foreach ($interfaces as $interface) {
+                    if (! isset($object->reflectionClass) || ! $object->reflectionClass->implementsInterface($interface)) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            },
             "to implement '".implode("', '", $interfaces)."'",
             FileLineFinder::where(fn (string $line): bool => str_contains($line, 'class')),
         );
@@ -1130,8 +1138,8 @@ final class Expectation
             $this,
             fn (ObjectDescription $object): bool => isset($object->reflectionClass)
                 && $object->reflectionClass->isEnum()
-                && new ReflectionEnum($object->name)->isBacked() // @phpstan-ignore-line
-                && (string) new ReflectionEnum($object->name)->getBackingType() === $backingType, // @phpstan-ignore-line
+                && (new ReflectionEnum($object->name))->isBacked() // @phpstan-ignore-line
+                && (string) (new ReflectionEnum($object->name))->getBackingType() === $backingType, // @phpstan-ignore-line
             'to be '.$backingType.' backed enum',
             FileLineFinder::where(fn (string $line): bool => str_contains($line, 'class')),
         );

src/Expectations/OppositeExpectation.php

@@ -576,7 +576,15 @@ final readonly class OppositeExpectation
 
         return Targeted::make(
             $original,
-            fn (ObjectDescription $object): bool => array_all($traits, fn (string $trait): bool => ! (isset($object->reflectionClass) && in_array($trait, $object->reflectionClass->getTraitNames(), true))),
+            function (ObjectDescription $object) use ($traits): bool {
+                foreach ($traits as $trait) {
+                    if (isset($object->reflectionClass) && in_array($trait, $object->reflectionClass->getTraitNames(), true)) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            },
             "not to use traits '".implode("', '", $traits)."'",
             FileLineFinder::where(fn (string $line): bool => str_contains($line, 'class')),
         );
@@ -596,7 +604,15 @@ final readonly class OppositeExpectation
 
         return Targeted::make(
             $original,
-            fn (ObjectDescription $object): bool => array_all($interfaces, fn (string $interface): bool => ! (isset($object->reflectionClass) && $object->reflectionClass->implementsInterface($interface))),
+            function (ObjectDescription $object) use ($interfaces): bool {
+                foreach ($interfaces as $interface) {
+                    if (isset($object->reflectionClass) && $object->reflectionClass->implementsInterface($interface)) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            },
             "not to implement '".implode("', '", $interfaces)."'",
             FileLineFinder::where(fn (string $line): bool => str_contains($line, 'class')),
         );
@@ -798,11 +814,13 @@ final readonly class OppositeExpectation
 
         $exporter = Exporter::default();
 
+        $toString = fn (mixed $argument): string => $exporter->shortenedExport($argument);
+
         throw new ExpectationFailedException(sprintf(
             'Expecting %s not %s %s.',
-            $exporter->shortenedExport($this->original->value),
+            $toString($this->original->value),
             strtolower((string) preg_replace('/(?<!\ )[A-Z]/', ' $0', $name)),
-            implode(' ', array_map(fn (mixed $argument): string => $exporter->export($argument), $arguments)),
+            implode(' ', array_map(fn (mixed $argument): string => $toString($argument), $arguments)),
         ));
     }
 
@@ -834,8 +852,8 @@ final readonly class OppositeExpectation
             $original,
             fn (ObjectDescription $object): bool => isset($object->reflectionClass) === false
                 || ! $object->reflectionClass->isEnum()
-                || ! new \ReflectionEnum($object->name)->isBacked() // @phpstan-ignore-line
-                || (string) new \ReflectionEnum($object->name)->getBackingType() !== $backingType, // @phpstan-ignore-line
+                || ! (new \ReflectionEnum($object->name))->isBacked() // @phpstan-ignore-line
+                || (string) (new \ReflectionEnum($object->name))->getBackingType() !== $backingType, // @phpstan-ignore-line
             'not to be '.$backingType.' backed enum',
             FileLineFinder::where(fn (string $line): bool => str_contains($line, 'class')),
         );

src/Factories/TestCaseFactory.php

@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ final class TestCaseFactory
 
         if (
             $method->closure instanceof \Closure &&
-            new \ReflectionFunction($method->closure)->isStatic()
+            (new \ReflectionFunction($method->closure))->isStatic()
         ) {
 
             throw new TestClosureMustNotBeStatic($method);

src/Mixins/Expectation.php

@@ -922,7 +922,7 @@ final class Expectation
 
         if ($exception instanceof Closure) {
             $callback = $exception;
-            $parameters = new ReflectionFunction($exception)->getParameters();
+            $parameters = (new ReflectionFunction($exception))->getParameters();
 
             if (count($parameters) !== 1) {
                 throw new InvalidArgumentException('The given closure must have a single parameter type-hinted as the class string.');

src/PHPStan/HigherOrderExpectationTypeExtension.php

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ final readonly class HigherOrderExpectationTypeExtension implements ExpressionTy
 
         $varType = $scope->getType($expr->var);
 
-        if (! new ObjectType(HigherOrderExpectation::class)->isSuperTypeOf($varType)->yes()) {
+        if (! (new ObjectType(HigherOrderExpectation::class))->isSuperTypeOf($varType)->yes()) {
             return null;
         }
 

src/PendingCalls/UsesCall.php

@@ -53,7 +53,9 @@ final class UsesCall
         $this->targets = [$filename];
     }
 
-    #[\Deprecated(message: 'Use `pest()->printer()->compact()` instead.')]
+    /**
+     * @deprecated Use `pest()->printer()->compact()` instead.
+     */
     public function compact(): self
     {
         DefaultPrinter::compact(true);

src/Pest.php

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ namespace Pest;
 
 function version(): string
 {
-    return '5.0.0-rc.3';
+    return '4.6.0';
 }
 
 function testDirectory(string $file = ''): string

src/Plugins/Help.php

@@ -123,6 +123,10 @@ final readonly class Help implements HandlesArguments
                 'arg' => '--update-snapshots',
                 'desc' => 'Update snapshots for tests using the "toMatchSnapshot" expectation',
             ],
+            [
+                'arg' => '--update-shards',
+                'desc' => 'Update shards.json with test timing data for time-balanced sharding',
+            ],
         ], ...$content['Execution']];
 
         $content['Selection'] = [[

src/Plugins/Parallel.php

@@ -178,7 +178,13 @@ final class Parallel implements HandlesArguments
     {
         $arguments = new ArgvInput;
 
-        return array_any(self::UNSUPPORTED_ARGUMENTS, fn (string|array $unsupportedArgument): bool => $arguments->hasParameterOption($unsupportedArgument));
+        foreach (self::UNSUPPORTED_ARGUMENTS as $unsupportedArgument) {
+            if ($arguments->hasParameterOption($unsupportedArgument)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
     }
 
     /**

src/Plugins/Parallel/Paratest/WrapperRunner.php

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ namespace Pest\Plugins\Parallel\Paratest;
 use const DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
 
 use NunoMaduro\Collision\Adapters\Phpunit\Support\ResultReflection;
+use ParaTest\Coverage\CoverageMerger;
 use ParaTest\JUnit\LogMerger;
 use ParaTest\JUnit\Writer;
 use ParaTest\Options;
@@ -24,17 +25,11 @@ use PHPUnit\TestRunner\TestResult\Facade as TestResultFacade;
 use PHPUnit\TestRunner\TestResult\TestResult;
 use PHPUnit\TextUI\Configuration\CodeCoverageFilterRegistry;
 use PHPUnit\Util\ExcludeList;
-use ReflectionProperty;
-use SebastianBergmann\CodeCoverage\Node\Builder;
-use SebastianBergmann\CodeCoverage\Serialization\Merger;
-use SebastianBergmann\CodeCoverage\StaticAnalysis\FileAnalyser;
-use SebastianBergmann\CodeCoverage\StaticAnalysis\ParsingSourceAnalyser;
 use SebastianBergmann\Timer\Timer;
 use SplFileInfo;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Output\OutputInterface;
 use Symfony\Component\Process\PhpExecutableFinder;
 
-use function array_filter;
 use function array_merge;
 use function array_merge_recursive;
 use function array_shift;
@@ -453,23 +448,10 @@ final class WrapperRunner implements RunnerInterface
 
             return;
         }
-        $coverageFiles = [];
-        foreach ($this->coverageFiles as $fileInfo) {
-            $realPath = $fileInfo->getRealPath();
-            if ($realPath !== false && $realPath !== '') {
-                $coverageFiles[] = $realPath;
-            }
+        $coverageMerger = new CoverageMerger($coverageManager->codeCoverage());
+        foreach ($this->coverageFiles as $coverageFile) {
+            $coverageMerger->addCoverageFromFile($coverageFile);
         }
-        $serializedCoverage = (new Merger)->merge($coverageFiles);
-
-        $report = (new Builder(new FileAnalyser(new ParsingSourceAnalyser, false, false)))->build(
-            $serializedCoverage['codeCoverage'],
-            $serializedCoverage['testResults'],
-            $serializedCoverage['basePath'],
-        );
-        $codeCoverage = $coverageManager->codeCoverage();
-        $codeCoverage->setTests($serializedCoverage['testResults']);
-        (new ReflectionProperty(\SebastianBergmann\CodeCoverage\CodeCoverage::class, 'cachedReport'))->setValue($codeCoverage, $report);
 
         $coverageManager->generateReports(
             $this->printer->printer,

src/Plugins/Shard.php

@@ -6,7 +6,13 @@ namespace Pest\Plugins;
 
 use Pest\Contracts\Plugins\AddsOutput;
 use Pest\Contracts\Plugins\HandlesArguments;
+use Pest\Contracts\Plugins\Terminable;
 use Pest\Exceptions\InvalidOption;
+use Pest\Subscribers\EnsureShardTimingFinished;
+use Pest\Subscribers\EnsureShardTimingsAreCollected;
+use Pest\Subscribers\EnsureShardTimingStarted;
+use Pest\TestSuite;
+use PHPUnit\Event;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\ArgvInput;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputInterface;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Output\OutputInterface;
@@ -15,7 +21,7 @@ use Symfony\Component\Process\Process;
 /**
  * @internal
  */
-final class Shard implements AddsOutput, HandlesArguments
+final class Shard implements AddsOutput, HandlesArguments, Terminable
 {
     use Concerns\HandleArguments;
 
@@ -33,6 +39,40 @@ final class Shard implements AddsOutput, HandlesArguments
      */
     private static ?array $shard = null;
 
+    /**
+     * Whether to update the shards.json file.
+     */
+    private static bool $updateShards = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether time-balanced sharding was used.
+     */
+    private static bool $timeBalanced = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the shards.json file is outdated.
+     */
+    private static bool $shardsOutdated = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the test suite passed.
+     */
+    private static bool $passed = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Collected timings from workers or subscribers.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, float>|null
+     */
+    private static ?array $collectedTimings = null;
+
+    /**
+     * The canonical list of test classes from --list-tests.
+     *
+     * @var list<string>|null
+     */
+    private static ?array $knownTests = null;
+
     /**
      * Creates a new Plugin instance.
      */
@@ -47,6 +87,19 @@ final class Shard implements AddsOutput, HandlesArguments
      */
     public function handleArguments(array $arguments): array
     {
+        if ($this->hasArgument('--update-shards', $arguments)) {
+            return $this->handleUpdateShards($arguments);
+        }
+
+        if (Parallel::isWorker() && Parallel::getGlobal('UPDATE_SHARDS') === true) {
+            self::$updateShards = true;
+
+            Event\Facade::instance()->registerSubscriber(new EnsureShardTimingStarted);
+            Event\Facade::instance()->registerSubscriber(new EnsureShardTimingFinished);
+
+            return $arguments;
+        }
+
         if (! $this->hasArgument('--shard', $arguments)) {
             return $arguments;
         }
@@ -63,7 +116,24 @@ final class Shard implements AddsOutput, HandlesArguments
 
         /** @phpstan-ignore-next-line */
         $tests = $this->allTests($arguments);
-        $testsToRun = (array_chunk($tests, max(1, (int) ceil(count($tests) / $total))))[$index - 1] ?? [];
+
+        $timings = $this->loadShardsFile();
+        if ($timings !== null) {
+            $knownTests = array_values(array_filter($tests, fn (string $test): bool => isset($timings[$test])));
+            $newTests = array_values(array_diff($tests, $knownTests));
+
+            $partitions = $this->partitionByTime($knownTests, $timings, $total);
+
+            foreach ($newTests as $i => $test) {
+                $partitions[$i % $total][] = $test;
+            }
+
+            $testsToRun = $partitions[$index - 1] ?? [];
+            self::$timeBalanced = true;
+            self::$shardsOutdated = $newTests !== [];
+        } else {
+            $testsToRun = (array_chunk($tests, max(1, (int) ceil(count($tests) / $total))))[$index - 1] ?? [];
+        }
 
         self::$shard = [
             'index' => $index,
@@ -72,9 +142,43 @@ final class Shard implements AddsOutput, HandlesArguments
             'testsCount' => count($tests),
         ];
 
+        if ($testsToRun === []) {
+            return $arguments;
+        }
+
         return [...$arguments, '--filter', $this->buildFilterArgument($testsToRun)];
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Handles the --update-shards argument.
+     *
+     * @param  array<int, string>  $arguments
+     * @return array<int, string>
+     */
+    private function handleUpdateShards(array $arguments): array
+    {
+        if ($this->hasArgument('--shard', $arguments)) {
+            throw new InvalidOption('The [--update-shards] option cannot be combined with [--shard].');
+        }
+
+        $arguments = $this->popArgument('--update-shards', $arguments);
+
+        self::$updateShards = true;
+
+        /** @phpstan-ignore-next-line */
+        self::$knownTests = $this->allTests($arguments);
+
+        if ($this->hasArgument('--parallel', $arguments) || $this->hasArgument('-p', $arguments)) {
+            Parallel::setGlobal('UPDATE_SHARDS', true);
+            Parallel::setGlobal('SHARD_RUN_ID', uniqid('pest-shard-', true));
+        } else {
+            Event\Facade::instance()->registerSubscriber(new EnsureShardTimingStarted);
+            Event\Facade::instance()->registerSubscriber(new EnsureShardTimingFinished);
+        }
+
+        return $arguments;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Returns all tests that the test suite would run.
      *
@@ -83,11 +187,11 @@ final class Shard implements AddsOutput, HandlesArguments
      */
     private function allTests(array $arguments): array
     {
-        $output = new Process([
+        $output = (new Process([
             'php',
             ...$this->removeParallelArguments($arguments),
             '--list-tests',
-        ])->mustRun()->getOutput();
+        ]))->setTimeout(120)->mustRun()->getOutput();
 
         preg_match_all('/ - (?:P\\\\)?(Tests\\\\[^:]+)::/', $output, $matches);
 
@@ -116,6 +220,22 @@ final class Shard implements AddsOutput, HandlesArguments
      */
     public function addOutput(int $exitCode): int
     {
+        self::$passed = $exitCode === 0;
+
+        if (self::$updateShards && self::$passed && ! Parallel::isWorker()) {
+            self::$collectedTimings = $this->collectTimings();
+
+            $count = self::$knownTests !== null
+                ? count(array_intersect_key(self::$collectedTimings, array_flip(self::$knownTests)))
+                : count(self::$collectedTimings);
+
+            $this->output->writeln(sprintf(
+                '  <fg=gray>Shards:</>   <fg=default>shards.json updated with timings for %d test class%s.</>',
+                $count,
+                $count === 1 ? '' : 'es',
+            ));
+        }
+
         if (self::$shard === null) {
             return $exitCode;
         }
@@ -128,17 +248,250 @@ final class Shard implements AddsOutput, HandlesArguments
         ] = self::$shard;
 
         $this->output->writeln(sprintf(
-            '  <fg=gray>Shard:</>    <fg=default>%d of %d</> — %d file%s ran, out of %d.',
+            '  <fg=gray>Shard:</>    <fg=default>%d of %d</> — %d file%s ran, out of %d%s.',
             $index,
             $total,
             $testsRan,
             $testsRan === 1 ? '' : 's',
             $testsCount,
+            self::$timeBalanced ? ' <fg=gray>(time-balanced)</>' : '',
         ));
 
+        if (self::$shardsOutdated) {
+            $this->output->writeln('  <fg=yellow;options=bold>WARN</>  <fg=default>The [tests/.pest/shards.json] file is out of date. Run [--update-shards] to update it.</>');
+        }
+
         return $exitCode;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Terminates the plugin.
+     */
+    public function terminate(): void
+    {
+        if (! self::$updateShards) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (Parallel::isWorker()) {
+            $this->writeWorkerTimings();
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (! self::$passed) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $timings = self::$collectedTimings ?? $this->collectTimings();
+
+        if ($timings === []) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->writeTimings($timings);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Collects timings from subscribers or worker temp files.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, float>
+     */
+    private function collectTimings(): array
+    {
+        $runId = Parallel::getGlobal('SHARD_RUN_ID');
+
+        if (is_string($runId)) {
+            return $this->readWorkerTimings($runId);
+        }
+
+        return EnsureShardTimingsAreCollected::timings();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes the current worker's timing data to a temp file.
+     */
+    private function writeWorkerTimings(): void
+    {
+        $timings = EnsureShardTimingsAreCollected::timings();
+
+        if ($timings === []) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $runId = Parallel::getGlobal('SHARD_RUN_ID');
+
+        if (! is_string($runId)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $path = sys_get_temp_dir().DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.'__pest_sharding_'.$runId.'-'.getmypid().'.json';
+
+        file_put_contents($path, json_encode($timings, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads and merges timing data from all worker temp files.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, float>
+     */
+    private function readWorkerTimings(string $runId): array
+    {
+        $pattern = sys_get_temp_dir().DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.'__pest_sharding_'.$runId.'-*.json';
+        $files = glob($pattern);
+
+        if ($files === false || $files === []) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $merged = [];
+
+        foreach ($files as $file) {
+            $contents = file_get_contents($file);
+
+            if ($contents === false) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $timings = json_decode($contents, true);
+
+            if (is_array($timings)) {
+                $merged = array_merge($merged, $timings);
+            }
+
+            unlink($file);
+        }
+
+        return $merged;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the path to shards.json.
+     */
+    private function shardsPath(): string
+    {
+        $testSuite = TestSuite::getInstance();
+
+        return implode(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, [$testSuite->rootPath, $testSuite->testPath, '.pest', 'shards.json']);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the timings from shards.json.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, float>|null
+     */
+    private function loadShardsFile(): ?array
+    {
+        $path = $this->shardsPath();
+
+        if (! file_exists($path)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $contents = file_get_contents($path);
+
+        if ($contents === false) {
+            throw new InvalidOption('The [tests/.pest/shards.json] file could not be read. Delete it or run [--update-shards] to regenerate.');
+        }
+
+        $data = json_decode($contents, true);
+
+        if (! is_array($data) || ! isset($data['timings']) || ! is_array($data['timings'])) {
+            throw new InvalidOption('The [tests/.pest/shards.json] file is corrupted. Delete it or run [--update-shards] to regenerate.');
+        }
+
+        return $data['timings'];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Partitions tests across shards using the LPT (Longest Processing Time) algorithm.
+     *
+     * @param  list<string>  $tests
+     * @param  array<string, float>  $timings
+     * @return list<list<string>>
+     */
+    private function partitionByTime(array $tests, array $timings, int $total): array
+    {
+        $knownTimings = array_filter(
+            array_map(fn (string $test): ?float => $timings[$test] ?? null, $tests),
+            fn (?float $t): bool => $t !== null,
+        );
+
+        $median = $knownTimings !== [] ? $this->median(array_values($knownTimings)) : 1.0;
+
+        $testsWithTimings = array_map(
+            fn (string $test): array => ['test' => $test, 'time' => $timings[$test] ?? $median],
+            $tests,
+        );
+
+        usort($testsWithTimings, fn (array $a, array $b): int => $b['time'] <=> $a['time']);
+
+        /** @var list<list<string>> */
+        $bins = array_fill(0, $total, []);
+        /** @var non-empty-list<float> */
+        $binTimes = array_fill(0, $total, 0.0);
+
+        foreach ($testsWithTimings as $item) {
+            $minIndex = array_search(min($binTimes), $binTimes, strict: true);
+            assert(is_int($minIndex));
+
+            $bins[$minIndex][] = $item['test'];
+            $binTimes[$minIndex] += $item['time'];
+        }
+
+        return $bins;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calculates the median of an array of floats.
+     *
+     * @param  list<float>  $values
+     */
+    private function median(array $values): float
+    {
+        sort($values);
+
+        $count = count($values);
+        $middle = (int) floor($count / 2);
+
+        if ($count % 2 === 0) {
+            return ($values[$middle - 1] + $values[$middle]) / 2;
+        }
+
+        return $values[$middle];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes the timings to shards.json.
+     *
+     * @param  array<string, float>  $timings
+     */
+    private function writeTimings(array $timings): void
+    {
+        $path = $this->shardsPath();
+
+        $directory = dirname($path);
+        if (! is_dir($directory)) {
+            mkdir($directory, 0755, true);
+        }
+
+        if (self::$knownTests !== null) {
+            $knownSet = array_flip(self::$knownTests);
+            $timings = array_intersect_key($timings, $knownSet);
+        }
+
+        ksort($timings);
+
+        $canonical = self::$knownTests ?? array_keys($timings);
+        sort($canonical);
+
+        file_put_contents($path, json_encode([
+            'timings' => $timings,
+            'checksum' => md5(implode("\n", $canonical)),
+            'updated_at' => date('c'),
+        ], JSON_PRETTY_PRINT | JSON_UNESCAPED_SLASHES)."\n");
+    }
+
     /**
      * Returns the shard information.
      *

src/Subscribers/EnsureShardTimingFinished.php

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Pest\Subscribers;
+
+use PHPUnit\Event\TestSuite\Finished;
+use PHPUnit\Event\TestSuite\FinishedSubscriber;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ */
+final class EnsureShardTimingFinished implements FinishedSubscriber
+{
+    /**
+     * Runs the subscriber.
+     */
+    public function notify(Finished $event): void
+    {
+        EnsureShardTimingsAreCollected::finished($event);
+    }
+}

src/Subscribers/EnsureShardTimingStarted.php

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Pest\Subscribers;
+
+use PHPUnit\Event\TestSuite\Started;
+use PHPUnit\Event\TestSuite\StartedSubscriber;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ */
+final class EnsureShardTimingStarted implements StartedSubscriber
+{
+    /**
+     * Runs the subscriber.
+     */
+    public function notify(Started $event): void
+    {
+        EnsureShardTimingsAreCollected::started($event);
+    }
+}

src/Subscribers/EnsureShardTimingsAreCollected.php

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Pest\Subscribers;
+
+use PHPUnit\Event\Telemetry\HRTime;
+use PHPUnit\Event\TestSuite\Finished;
+use PHPUnit\Event\TestSuite\Started;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ */
+final class EnsureShardTimingsAreCollected
+{
+    /**
+     * The start times for each test class.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, HRTime>
+     */
+    private static array $startTimes = [];
+
+    /**
+     * The collected timings for each test class.
+     *
+     * @var array<string, float>
+     */
+    private static array $timings = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Records the start time for a test suite.
+     */
+    public static function started(Started $event): void
+    {
+        if (! $event->testSuite()->isForTestClass()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $name = preg_replace('/^P\\\\/', '', $event->testSuite()->name());
+
+        if (is_string($name)) {
+            self::$startTimes[$name] = $event->telemetryInfo()->time();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Records the duration for a test suite.
+     */
+    public static function finished(Finished $event): void
+    {
+        if (! $event->testSuite()->isForTestClass()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $name = preg_replace('/^P\\\\/', '', $event->testSuite()->name());
+
+        if (! is_string($name) || ! isset(self::$startTimes[$name])) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $duration = $event->telemetryInfo()->time()->duration(self::$startTimes[$name]);
+
+        self::$timings[$name] = round($duration->asFloat(), 4);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the collected timings.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, float>
+     */
+    public static function timings(): array
+    {
+        return self::$timings;
+    }
+}

src/Support/Coverage.php

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ use Pest\Exceptions\ShouldNotHappen;
 use SebastianBergmann\CodeCoverage\CodeCoverage;
 use SebastianBergmann\CodeCoverage\Node\Directory;
 use SebastianBergmann\CodeCoverage\Node\File;
-use SebastianBergmann\CodeCoverage\Report\Facade;
 use SebastianBergmann\Environment\Runtime;
 use Symfony\Component\Console\Output\OutputInterface;
 
@@ -93,18 +92,10 @@ final class Coverage
         $codeCoverage = require $reportPath;
         unlink($reportPath);
 
-        // @phpstan-ignore-next-line
-        if (is_array($codeCoverage)) {
-            $facade = Facade::fromSerializedData($codeCoverage);
+        $totalCoverage = $codeCoverage->getReport()->percentageOfExecutedLines();
 
-            /** @var Directory<File|Directory> $report */
-            $report = (fn (): Directory => $this->report)->call($facade);
-        } else {
-            /** @var Directory<File|Directory> $report */
-            $report = $codeCoverage->getReport();
-        }
-
-        $totalCoverage = $report->percentageOfExecutedLines();
+        /** @var Directory<File|Directory> $report */
+        $report = $codeCoverage->getReport();
 
         foreach ($report->getIterator() as $file) {
             if (! $file instanceof File) {

src/Support/Exporter.php

@@ -86,17 +86,4 @@ final readonly class Exporter
 
         return (string) preg_replace(array_keys($map), array_values($map), $this->exporter->shortenedExport($value));
     }
-
-    /**
-     * Exports a value into a full single-line string without truncation.
-     */
-    public function export(mixed $value): string
-    {
-        $map = [
-            '#\\\n\s*#' => '',
-            '# Object \(\.{3}\)#' => '',
-        ];
-
-        return (string) preg_replace(array_keys($map), array_values($map), $this->exporter->export($value));
-    }
 }

src/Support/HigherOrderMessage.php

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ final class HigherOrderMessage
         }
 
         if ($this->hasHigherOrderCallable()) {
-            return new HigherOrderCallables($target)->{$this->name}(...$this->arguments);
+            return (new HigherOrderCallables($target))->{$this->name}(...$this->arguments);
         }
 
         try {

src/Support/HigherOrderMessageCollection.php

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ final class HigherOrderMessageCollection
      */
     public function addWhen(callable $condition, string $filename, int $line, string $name, ?array $arguments): void
     {
-        $this->messages[] = new HigherOrderMessage($filename, $line, $name, $arguments)->when($condition);
+        $this->messages[] = (new HigherOrderMessage($filename, $line, $name, $arguments))->when($condition);
     }
 
     /**

src/Support/HigherOrderTapProxy.php

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ final class HigherOrderTapProxy
             return $this->target->{$property};
         }
 
-        $className = new ReflectionClass($this->target)->getName();
+        $className = (new ReflectionClass($this->target))->getName();
 
         if (str_starts_with($className, 'P\\')) {
             $className = substr($className, 2);
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ final class HigherOrderTapProxy
         $filename = Backtrace::file();
         $line = Backtrace::line();
 
-        return new HigherOrderMessage($filename, $line, $methodName, $arguments)
+        return (new HigherOrderMessage($filename, $line, $methodName, $arguments))
             ->call($this->target);
     }
 }

src/Support/Reflection.php

@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ final class Reflection
      */
     public static function getFunctionArguments(Closure $function): array
     {
-        $parameters = new ReflectionFunction($function)->getParameters();
+        $parameters = (new ReflectionFunction($function))->getParameters();
         $arguments = [];
 
         foreach ($parameters as $parameter) {
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ final class Reflection
 
     public static function getFunctionVariable(Closure $function, string $key): mixed
     {
-        return new ReflectionFunction($function)->getStaticVariables()[$key] ?? null;
+        return (new ReflectionFunction($function))->getStaticVariables()[$key] ?? null;
     }
 
     /**

tests/.pest/snapshots/Visual/Help/visual_snapshot_of_help_command_output.snap

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 
-  Pest Testing Framework 5.0.0-rc.3.  
+  Pest Testing Framework 4.6.0.  
 
   USAGE: pest <file> [options]  
 
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@
   --filter [pattern] ............................... Filter which tests to run  
   --exclude-filter [pattern] .. Exclude tests for the specified filter pattern  
   --test-suffix [suffixes]  Only search for test in files with specified suffix(es). Default: Test.php,.phpt  
-  --test-files-file [file]  Only run test files listed in file (one file by line)  
 
   EXECUTION OPTIONS:
   --parallel ........................................... Run tests in parallel  
   --update-snapshots  Update snapshots for tests using the "toMatchSnapshot" expectation  
+  --update-shards  Update shards.json with test timing data for time-balanced sharding  
   --globals-backup ................. Backup and restore $GLOBALS for each test  
   --static-backup ......... Backup and restore static properties for each test  
   --strict-coverage ................... Be strict about code coverage metadata  
@@ -121,12 +121,12 @@
   LOGGING OPTIONS:
   --log-junit [file] .......... Write test results in JUnit XML format to file  
   --log-otr [file]  Write test results in Open Test Reporting XML format to file  
+  --include-git-information  Include Git information in Open Test Reporting XML logfile  
   --log-teamcity [file] ........ Write test results in TeamCity format to file  
   --testdox-html [file] .. Write test results in TestDox format (HTML) to file  
   --testdox-text [file]  Write test results in TestDox format (plain text) to file  
   --log-events-text [file] ............... Stream events as plain text to file  
   --log-events-verbose-text [file]  Stream events as plain text with extended information to file  
-  --include-git-information ..... Include Git information in supported formats  
   --no-logging ....... Ignore logging configured in the XML configuration file  
 
   CODE COVERAGE OPTIONS:

tests/.pest/snapshots/Visual/Version/visual_snapshot_of_help_command_output.snap

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 
-  Pest Testing Framework 5.0.0-rc.3.  
+  Pest Testing Framework 4.6.0.  
 

tests/.snapshots/success.txt

@@ -1699,8 +1699,6 @@
    PASS  Tests\Unit\Expectations\OppositeExpectation
   ✓ it throw expectation failed exception with string argument
   ✓ it throw expectation failed exception with array argument
-  ✓ it does not truncate long string arguments in error message
-  ✓ it does not truncate custom error message when using not()
 
    PASS  Tests\Unit\Overrides\ThrowableBuilder
   ✓ collision editor can be added to the stack trace
@@ -1905,4 +1903,4 @@
   ✓ pass with dataset with ('my-datas-set-value')
   ✓ within describe → pass with dataset with ('my-datas-set-value')
 
-  Tests:    2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 2 notices, 40 todos, 35 skipped, 1298 passed (2982 assertions)
+  Tests:    2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 2 notices, 40 todos, 35 skipped, 1296 passed (2977 assertions)

tests/Arch.php

@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ arch()->preset()->security()->ignoring([
     'eval',
     'str_shuffle',
     'exec',
+    'md5',
     'unserialize',
+    'uniqid',
     'extract',
     'assert',
 ]);

tests/Unit/Expectations/OppositeExpectation.php

@@ -14,17 +14,3 @@ it('throw expectation failed exception with array argument', function (): void {
 
     $expectation->throwExpectationFailedException('toBe', ['bar']);
 })->throws(ExpectationFailedException::class, "Expecting 'foo' not to be 'bar'.");
-
-it('does not truncate long string arguments in error message', function (): void {
-    $expectation = new OppositeExpectation(expect('foo'));
-
-    $longMessage = 'Very long error message. Very long error message. Very long error message.';
-
-    $expectation->throwExpectationFailedException('toBe', [$longMessage]);
-})->throws(ExpectationFailedException::class, 'Very long error message. Very long error message. Very long error message.');
-
-it('does not truncate custom error message when using not()', function (): void {
-    $longMessage = 'This is a very detailed custom error message that should not be truncated in the output.';
-
-    expect(true)->not()->toBeTrue($longMessage);
-})->throws(ExpectationFailedException::class, 'This is a very detailed custom error message that should not be truncated in the output.');

tests/Visual/Parallel.php

@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ test('parallel', function () use ($run) {
         $file = file_get_contents(__FILE__);
         $file = preg_replace(
             '/\$expected = \'.*?\';/',
-            "\$expected = '2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 3 notices, 40 todos, 27 skipped, 1282 passed (2931 assertions)';",
+            "\$expected = '2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 3 notices, 40 todos, 27 skipped, 1280 passed (2926 assertions)';",
             $file,
         );
         file_put_contents(__FILE__, $file);
     }
 
-    $expected = '2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 3 notices, 40 todos, 27 skipped, 1282 passed (2931 assertions)';
+    $expected = '2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 3 notices, 40 todos, 27 skipped, 1280 passed (2926 assertions)';
 
     expect($output)
         ->toContain("Tests:    {$expected}")